COVID-19 Data Explorer

COVID-19 Data Explorer: Policies, practices and technology

About the Data Explorer

Digital vaccine passports

Contact tracing apps

Public legitimacy

Countries

Vaccine passport systems

Data source: Ada Lovelace Institute, OurWorldInData

Last updated:

Find out when digital vaccine passports were deployed around the world.

Some countries, which do not have national or federal vaccine passports, are not included in this visualisation. e.g., Russia and the USA.

Compare the number of COVID-19 cases, deaths and vaccination rates against the introduction of vaccine passport systems by countries.

Countries with larger green quadrants introduced digital vaccine passports when more of the population was vaccinated
Countries with larger purple quadrants introduced digital vaccine passports when cases of COVID-19 and deaths and were higher

Countries in dataset:

Countries with vaccine passports:

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Vaccine passport introduction by quarter

Q1 2021

Q2 2021

Q3 2021

Q4 2021

Key insights

There was a considerable difference in when vaccine passports were developed and deployed across the world. Vaccine passports were introduced in:

Many Asian countries in Quarter 1, 2021
The majority of European countries in Quarter 2, 2021
North and South America from Quarter 2, 2021
Oceana from Quarter 3, 2021

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Case rate 7 day average

Death rate 7 day average

Number of people vaccinated

Number of people fully vaccinated

NB Data on COVID-19 cases and deaths, and vaccination rates was collected from 34 countries but in some cases e.g., China, low rates mean that the data has been rounded to zero.

Vaccine passport date of introduction

Vaccine passport policies

Data source: Ada Lovelace Institute

Last updated:

Learn when and how often countries changed their vaccine passport policies which enforced domestic and international restrictions.

Compare the different vaccine passport policies by country.

Countries in dataset:

Countries that made 4–5 changes to policies:

Countries that made 3 changes to policies:

Countries that made 2 changes to policies:

Countries that made 1 changes to policies:

Key insights

Eight different types of vaccine passport policies were identified.

Larger countries with regional governmental jurisdictions did not have federal vaccine passport (VP) policies. Regional authorities decided whether and how to impose vaccine passport systems and associated mobility restrictions e.g., Brazil, China and the United States.

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A. International digital vaccine passport policies provided passports to prove immunity status when traveling from one country to another.

B. Domestic digital vaccine passport policies provided passports to prove immunity status when entering public spaces.

Not in use domestically and internationally

VP not in use or not enforced. Available but not compulsory.

Partially in use domestically and internationally

Mandatory for in-bound travellers.

A. Not mandatory for in-bound travellers.
B. Domestic use decided by regional governments.

A. Mandatory for foreign visitors but not for returning nationals and residents.
B. Domestic use decided by regional governments.

A. Mandatory for in-bound travellers.
B. Domestic use decided by regional governments.

A. Mandatory for foreign visitors, but not for returning nationals and residents.
B. Domestic use decided at a federal level.

A. Mandatory self-isolation for visitors.

In use domestically and internationally

Mandatory self-isolation for visitors, regardless of possession of vaccine passport. Federal policy for domestic use.

Use the slider to check the status at different points of time

Africa

Asia

Europe

North America

Oceania

South America

Protests against vaccine passports and mobility restrictions

Data source: Ada Lovelace Institute

Last updated:

Discover which countries experienced protests against restrictions imposed by vaccine passport policies.

Countries in dataset:

Countries that experienced protests:

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Country with protests

Country without protests

Key insights

More than 50% of the countries in our sample had protests against vaccine passports and mobility restrictions.
Protests reveal the importance of building public legitimacy with strong governance and transparent and effective communication strategies.
In most cases, anti-vaccine passport protests started following the announcement of mandatory domestic vaccine passport schemes.
This demonstrates public resistance against using data-driven technology to control mobility and restrict freedoms.

The media did not always explicitly link protests with vaccine passports. However, mandatory vaccination policies were made possible by digital vaccine passports, which allowed authorities to control an individual’s freedoms and access based on their health status. It was hoped that the vaccine passports would incentivise people to get vaccinated, but different sub-groups in society protested this approach and resisted mandatory vaccine passports.

Use slider to check the status at different points of time

Country	Date	Protest notes	Link

Contact tracing systems

Data source: Ada Lovelace Institute

Last updated:

Learn which technologies were used in contact tracing apps and how they were governed across the world.

NB This page covers national and federal government-launched contact tracing apps.

Compare the different technologies used in contact tracing apps by country.

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Yes

In sample, no data available

Not in data set